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Time arithmetic uses a base-60 number system (sexagesimal) for seconds and minutes, and base-24 for hours — unlike standard decimal math. Adding 45 minutes to 30 minutes gives 75 minutes, which requires carrying over 1 hour and leaving 15 minutes. This calculator handles all the base conversions automatically.
Time Conversion Reference
1 minute
60 seconds
1 hour
60 minutes
1 day
24 hours
1 week
168 hours
1 year
8,760 hours
1 year
525,600 min
Work day: Started 8:45 AM, lunch 12:30–1:15 PM, finished 5:30 PM
Morning: 12:30 − 8:45 = 3h 45min. Lunch break: 45 min. Afternoon: 17:30 − 13:15 = 4h 15min.
Total: 3h 45min + 4h 15min = 8 hours worked (8.0 decimal hours).
To add times: add the minutes first, then the hours. If minutes exceed 59, carry over to hours. Example: 2h 45min + 1h 30min. Minutes: 45 + 30 = 75 minutes = 1 hour and 15 minutes. Hours: 2 + 1 + 1 (carryover) = 4 hours. Result: 4 hours 15 minutes. In decimal: convert each time to decimal hours (minutes ÷ 60), add, then convert back. 2h 45min = 2.75h; 1h 30min = 1.5h; total = 4.25h = 4h 15min. For multiple time entries (like a timesheet), convert all to minutes, sum the total minutes, then divide by 60 to get hours and use the remainder as minutes.
Hours worked = End Time − Start Time. If the end time is on the same day: subtract start from end in 24-hour format. Example: 9:00 AM to 5:30 PM = 17:30 − 09:00 = 8 hours 30 minutes. To subtract breaks: 8h 30min − 30min break = 8h 0min. If the shift crosses midnight: add 24 hours to the end time. 10:00 PM to 6:00 AM = 6:00 + 24:00 − 22:00 = 30:00 − 22:00 = 8 hours. For payroll: convert to decimal hours (8h 30min = 8.5 hours) and multiply by hourly rate. $18/hour × 8.5 hours = $153 gross pay.
Convert total minutes to hours and minutes: Hours = floor(Total Minutes ÷ 60). Remaining Minutes = Total Minutes mod 60 (the remainder after dividing by 60). Examples: 90 minutes = 1 hour, 30 minutes (90 ÷ 60 = 1 remainder 30). 135 minutes = 2 hours, 15 minutes (135 ÷ 60 = 2 remainder 15). 200 minutes = 3 hours, 20 minutes (200 ÷ 60 = 3 remainder 20). To convert to decimal hours only: divide by 60. 90 minutes = 1.5 hours. 135 minutes = 2.25 hours. Common conversions: 15 min = 0.25h, 30 min = 0.5h, 45 min = 0.75h, 90 min = 1.5h, 120 min = 2h.
To find the time difference across time zones: convert both times to UTC (Coordinated Universal Time), then subtract. UTC offsets (standard time): Eastern US (EST) = UTC−5. Central US (CST) = UTC−6. Mountain US (MST) = UTC−7. Pacific US (PST) = UTC−8. During Daylight Saving Time, add 1 hour to each. London (GMT) = UTC+0. Paris/Berlin (CET) = UTC+1. Dubai = UTC+4. India (IST) = UTC+5:30 (note the 30-minute offset). Tokyo (JST) = UTC+9. Example: New York (EST, UTC−5) at 3:00 PM vs London (UTC+0). UTC time = 3:00 PM + 5h = 8:00 PM UTC. London is at 8:00 PM. Time difference = 5 hours.
1 day = 24 hours = 1,440 minutes = 86,400 seconds. These are exact values based on the definition of civil time. 1 week = 7 days = 168 hours = 10,080 minutes = 604,800 seconds. 1 year (365 days) = 8,760 hours = 525,600 minutes = 31,536,000 seconds. 1 leap year (366 days) = 8,784 hours = 527,040 minutes = 31,622,400 seconds. Note: an astronomical day (solar day) is not exactly 86,400 seconds — it varies slightly due to Earth's elliptical orbit. Atomic clocks occasionally add a "leap second" to synchronize atomic time (TAI) with astronomical time (UT1), though this practice is being phased out by 2035.
Weekly payroll time calculation: (1) Record start and end times for each day in 24-hour format. (2) Subtract any unpaid break time. (3) Convert each day to decimal hours (minutes ÷ 60). (4) Sum all days for total weekly hours. Example: Mon 8h15min, Tue 7h45min, Wed 8h30min, Thu 8h00min, Fri 7h30min. Convert: 8.25 + 7.75 + 8.5 + 8.0 + 7.5 = 40.0 hours. US overtime rules (FLSA): hours over 40 in a workweek must be paid at 1.5× the regular rate. California also requires overtime after 8 hours in a day. Use a time calculator to sum daily hours before the week ends to track overtime.
12-hour clock uses AM (ante meridiem, "before noon") for 12:00 midnight to 11:59 AM, and PM (post meridiem, "after noon") for 12:00 noon to 11:59 PM. Confusing cases: 12:00 AM = midnight (start of the day). 12:00 PM = noon. 12:01 AM is 1 minute after midnight. 12:01 PM is 1 minute after noon. 24-hour clock (military time) eliminates ambiguity: 0000 = midnight, 1200 = noon, 1300 = 1:00 PM, 2359 = 11:59 PM. Conversion: to convert 12-hour PM to 24-hour, add 12 (except 12 PM = 12:00). 3:30 PM = 15:30. 11:45 PM = 23:45. To convert 24-hour to 12-hour: subtract 12 for hours 13–23; hours 0–11 stay the same (add AM/PM).
Travel time = Distance ÷ Speed. Common reference times: Driving: city traffic 20–30 mph → 1 mile ≈ 2–3 minutes. Highway 65 mph → 1 mile ≈ 55 seconds; 60 miles = 55 minutes. Flying: commercial jet 550 mph → Los Angeles to New York (2,800 mi) ≈ 5h 5min flight time (add 2–3h for airport). Walking: average 3 mph → 1 mile ≈ 20 minutes; 10,000 steps ≈ 5 miles ≈ 100 minutes. Running: 9 min/mile → 5K (3.1 miles) ≈ 28 minutes; marathon (26.2 miles) ≈ 3h 56min. Cycling: 12 mph → 1 mile ≈ 5 minutes; 20 miles ≈ 100 minutes. Rule of thumb: at 60 mph, miles equal minutes for distances up to 60 miles.
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